EE1A - GLOSSARY - FLOORING
Preface:
This list of definitions and technical terms for laminate flooring and related materials has been compiled from accepted trade and industry standards and technical literature and is provided for reference purposes.
Note:
Many terms used in laminate flooring, except for the following, are the same ones used in hardwood flooring. For other terms common to both laminate and hardwood flooring refer to the Hardwood Flooring Glossary – Part DD1A.
This list of definitions and technical terms for laminate flooring and related materials has been compiled from accepted trade and industry standards and technical literature and is provided for reference purposes.
Note:
Many terms used in laminate flooring, except for the following, are the same ones used in hardwood flooring. For other terms common to both laminate and hardwood flooring refer to the Hardwood Flooring Glossary – Part DD1A.
A
above grade
Refer to "grade".
abrasion resistance / classification
This is an abrasion rating of laminated flooring as determined by the Taber test method. This is a Euro-standard EN 13329 classification rating for laminate flooring manufactured in Europe, and is one of many factors that determine the quality of a laminate flooring.
additive
Special materials incorporated in laminate flooring cores during manufacture to impart special properties. These include preservatives, water repellents, and fire retardant, but not adhesives.
acclimation
Adaptation of laminate flooring materials to their installed temperature and humidity environment (i.e., not work site environment which may be different). Such materials should be unpacked and allowed enough time (generally 48 hours) to equalize to these requirements.
acoustical properties
Absorbance, reflection or transmission of sound waves.
acoustical underlayment
Sound-deadening resilient barrier.
adhesion
A chemical process by which two materials can be joined together.
antistatic
Ability to limit the accumulation of static electricity on a surface.
B
backer
(similar to engineered flooring). A non-decorative material bonded to the back of a laminate panel "substrate" or core that is designed to balance and protect the assembly from environmental changes (i.e. changes in humidity, moisture, etc.). May also be referred to as "counter-acting layer" or "balancing foil".
balanced construction
A panel construction that has materials of similar properties bonded to both sides of the panel to eliminate or reduce warp when the material is subjected to uniformly distributed changes in moisture.
below grade
Refer to "grade".
bleaching resistance
This describes how a laminate floor will react when exposed to light. "No. 6 on the blue scale" (a EN measurement) means that a floor will keep its colouration even when exposed to extensive sunlight.
bond
Adhesion.
bow / bowing
The deviation from absolute flatness along the length of a laminate the panel (plank or strip). Specific types of bowing are horns up (the ends of the strip or plank are pointing upward, sometimes called end lift) and horns down (the ends of the strip or plank are pointing downward.)
build-up of laminate flooring
This is the composition of laminate flooring that has a three-layered build-up consisting of: 1 - decor paper +overlay, 2 - core or substrate, and 3 - backer or balancing foil. The decor paper, overlay, and backer are impregnated with special thermosetting resins and is then pressed onto the core or substrate using high pressure.
C
caliper
An instrument for measuring diameters or thickness. Also used to describe board thickness.
castor chair effect
This is a wear rating test using weighted / loaded soft chair rollers dragged over the laminate flooring surface and measuring any damage after a set time of several thousand movements.
chemical resistance
The degree to which a material resists visual or physical degradation or staining from exposure to various household and/or industrial chemicals.
chip load
The amount of material removed by each tooth as the saw blade moves through the material being cut.
chipout
Defect created when fines or flakes are removed or torn out of the surface along the top or bottom face edges.
colourfastness
The ability of a material to retain its original colour upon exposure to light or other source of degradation (i.e., light resistance).
compact laminate
A high pressure laminate with a thickness equal to or greater than 2 mm (0.08 in).
continuous pressure lamination (CPL)
A manufacturing process where the laminate layer (a melamine-impregnated, alpha cellulose overlay plus a decorative image layer superimposed over one or more phenolic or melamine resin-impregnated papers) is formed on a continuous double-belted press at pressures of 125 to 750 psi and at temperatures between 2750 and 3000 F. The thickness of this layer (normally around 0.32") is determined by the number of layers of Kraft paper and the resulting amount of resin absorbed. When the sheet is pressed, a steel caul plate or a paper release sheet is used to create a surface finish ranging from high gloss smooth to fully textured. These continuous laminates can be rolled, but only into large diameter rolls. Then in a separate process this laminate layer is bonded along with the backer (if not already applied to the core) with glue under heat and pressure to the core board.
core
The centre of a laminate panel (i.e. surface layer, core, backer), generally made from high-density fibreboard (HDF) or particle board. The inner core adds impact resistance and forms the interlocking tongue and groove system. Melamine plastic resins may also be impregnated in the core to improve its moisture resistance.
core separation
Delamination of the core of a laminate panel, normally at the centreline, caused by steam pops or poor internal bond. Refer also to "delamination".
crook
A specific type of warping where a panel has a curvature from end to end, edgewise, from a straight line (i.e., banana).
crowned panels
Condition where the centre of a laminate panel is higher than its two long edges.
crowning
A specific type of warping where a panel assumes a convex (i.e. inverted "U") shape across the width dimension caused by moisture change on one side of the floor.
cupping
A specific type of warping where a panel assumes a concave shape across the width dimension caused by moisture change on one side of the floor. When viewed across a floor it looks like "choppy" water.
D
décor layer
The layer of laminate flooring providing visual aesthetic properties. This photographic image may be wood grain, stone, tile, or some other reproduction and is printed via rotary printing on the décor paper.
deflection
The bending of a material between supports when a load is applied.
delamination or delaminating
The separation of component part layers of laminated flooring, i.e. separation of plies (i.e. surface, core, and backing layers) due to adhesive or bond failure (i.e. either within the adhesive itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the layer).
density
Unit weight per volume of a panel expressed in lb/ft3 or kg/m3.
density profile
Gradient density of a panel from face to face.
depression
A dent in the surface of a panel.
dew point
The temperature at which atmospheric water vapour condenses out as a liquid.
dimensional stability
The ability of a material to resist changes in measured dimensions caused by environmental factors (i.e., temperature and humidity) and keep its original shape and size over the lifetime of the floor.
direct pressure lamination (DPL)
A laminating process where the wear and décor layers and the backing layer are bonded directly to the core or substrate material in a single step. Also referred to as a direct press laminate flooring.
durability
The ability of a laminate panel or finish to withstand conditions or destructive agents that it comes in contact during actual usage without any appreciable change in appearance or other important properties.
E
edge detail
The cutting treatment (square edge, eased or micro edge, or bevel edge) on the sides and/or ends of each piece of laminate flooring.
embossing
A process by which the surface of a laminate panel is given a relief effect or texture. This can be accomplished with a pressure plate or a patterned caul in a hot press.
emmission classification
A term relating to formaldehyde emission measured in mg/m3 or ppm. An EN E1 rating is one where the emission is below 0.1 ppm ( 0.12 mg/m3). Most, if not all, laminate flooring should be below this rating level limit.
EN
European Norm. Refer to Part E02B - Reference Standards.
end joint
The place where two pieces of flooring are joined together end to end. Also known as a butt joint.
end matched
In strip and plank flooring the ends of individual pieces have a tongue milled on one end and a groove milled on the opposite end so that when the individual strips of planks are butted together the tongue of one piece engages the groove of the next piece.
EPLF
European Producers of Laminate Flooring. Refer to Part E02B - Reference Standards .
equilibrium moisture content
The moisture content at which the material neither gains nor loses moisture at a given relative humidity and temperature.
expansion space or edge gap
An allowance or gap between fixed vertical objects (i.e. walls, piping, cabinets, etc.) and laminate flooring to allow for movement of the material due to expansion and contraction with the changing humidity. The amount of space must be in accordance with laminate manufacturer's recommendations.
F
face blisters
A dark, identified area on the face layer that flakes off or delaminates. It represents a weak area in the face that may or may not be ruptured or broken, but will usually separate upon cutting.
fibreboard
A wood by-product produced from wood chips that are reduced to cellulose fibre, mixed with moisture-retarding resins, and formed under heat and pressure to create material with various levels of density and stability which is usually designated as low (LDF), medium (MDF), or high density (HDF) fibreboard (see below). The term may also refer to the "core" material in laminate floors although some laminate flooring manufacturers use particle board which is a lower density material.
flakeboard
A panel product composed of particle board flakes.
flame spread rating
Measurement of the flame propagation along the surface of a material, expressed in numbers or letters and used in describing the rating for building codes.
floating floor
An installation method wherein laminated flooring panels are connected together by mechanical or glue attachment but not secured to the substrate or sub-floor. Floating laminate floors can generally be installed over many types of existing floors including vinyl, concrete, wood, ceramic, and even some indoor/outdoor carpeting in accordance with flooring manufacturer's limitations and requirements.
flowback
The degree a material will compress before being penetrated by a cutting tool.
foils
Cellulose paper weighing between 40 and 140 grams per square meter that may be impregnated with melamine thermoplastic resins or left untreated.
furnish
The blended wood fibres and binders used in the panel-forming process, such as whole chips, sawmill residuals, and plywood trimmings.
G
gap
Open space between laminate planks due to improper installation or drying of material. See also "expansion space or gap" and "open joint".
glue-down
An installation method whereby laminate flooring is adhered to the substrate. Typically however, most laminate is installed using the floating method of installation.
glue-less
Flooring installation using a mechanical connection between panels only (i.e., without the use of an adhesive) and a free floating installation over substrates.
grade (level)
The relationship of a sub-floor to exterior ground or grade levels.
H
hardness
Stated in pounds and related to panel density, it is a measure of resistance to indentation of the panel surface.
high-density fibreboard (HDF)
A fibreboard having a density greater than 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3).
high pressure laminate
Laminates manufactured using pressures between 4.83 to 9.65 kPa (700 to 1,400 psi). Refer also to low-pressure laminates.
high pressure lamination (HPL)
A laminating process where the wear and décor layers are permanently bonded under high heat and pressure to a core material.
homogenous panel
A reconstituted panel product manufactured with the same kind, size and quality of fibre throughout its thickness.
hook or rake angle
The angle on a cutting tool affecting ease with which the tooth penetrates the material being machined.
humidity
The amount of water vapour in the air. Refer to "Relative Humidity".
hydrostatic pressure
Occurs when there is excessive water present or where there is a high water table. Without adequate waterproofing measures water under pressure may be "forced" through on-grade or below-grade concrete slabs resulting in excessive substrate moisture and flooring failure.
hygrometer
An instrument for measuring the degree of humidity or relative humidity of the atmosphere.
hygroscopic
The ability to absorb and retain moisture, or lose or throw off moisture. Wood and wood products are hygroscopic as they expand with absorption of moisture, and shrink when moisture is lost.
I
impact indentation
Tests the degree to which the floor covering recovers from indentation created by dropped objects or foot traffic.
Impact insulation class (IIC/ FIIC)
An acoustical rating or classification determined by a standard testing method in the laboratory (IIC) or in the field (FIIC) to rate noise transmission due to impact of falling objects, foot traffic, and the like. Refer to A08C - Acoustical Issues.
impact noise
This is noise that results from dropped objects, foot traffic, and the like. This is becoming increasingly important in residential construction where minimum noise levels are being regulated by municipal zoning ordinances.
impact noise rating
An older acoustical rating or classification system for impact noise. Refer to A08C - Acoustical Issues.
impact resistance
Ability to resist fracture or damage from a falling object. Tests involve dropping a 500-gram weight in a cylinder from different heights onto a steel ball lying on the surface of the flooring. The point of impact is then measured for impression and cracks, and rated using a scale of I (poorest) to 5 (best).
impact sound
Impact sound is the sound that is generated by stepping on to a laminate floor and is different from foot step sound, which is the sound created in space underneath a laminate flooring. The strength of the impact sound is indicated according to the EPLF Standard of impact sound and is measured in sound values. These sound values are absolute and linear, comparable with each other and can be represented on an objective scale of values.
impact test
A test for determining the resistance to shattering of a dried film by dropping a weight onto the finish.
indoor air quality (IAQ)
The quality of air (and environment) within a building that is dependent on good building design, implementation of effective building systems, operation and maintenance programs, and the appropriate selection of low VOC and odour emitting interior products such as adhesives, finishes, sealants, etc.
inlay
A decorative effect used in flooring by combining elements of the same material but with different colours or patterns (e.g., borders or feature strips).
inner core
refer to "core"
internal bond strength
An overall measure of a panels integrity that illustrates how well the component materials are bonded together. Tested by applying tension perpendicular to the panel surface and usually stated in pounds per square inch.
insulation value
The thermal resistance of a material, stated as an RSI or R-value.
J
joist
One of a series of parallel beams used to support floor loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls.
K
kere
Width of a saw cut.
L
laminate
(noun) A product made by bonding together two or more layers of material. (verb) To unite layers of materials with adhesives. laminated Refer to Part DD1A - Flooring Glossary Glossary. Note: This type of flooring flooring should be referred to as engineered flooring and should not be confused with "Laminate Flooring".
laminate flooring
(Not laminated) A rigid floor covering consisting of a surface wear layer or finish, a thin décor or image layer consisting of a photographic image and one or more thin sheets of a fibrous material (usually paper) impregnated with aminoplastic thermosetting resins (usually melamine), a processed wood core layer of plywood, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) or high-density fibreboard (HDF), and a bottom balancing / moisture resistant layer. The top wear and pattern layers are bonded together under heat and pressure using a continuous pressure laminate (CPL) or a high pressure laminate (HPL) process similar to that used in manufacturering plastic laminates and then adhered to the core, or they may be directly adhered to the core under heat and pressure using the direct pressure laminate (DPL) process. Performance values of laminate flooring are set by NALFA / ANSI or EPLF standards. Note: This type of flooring should not be confused with "Engineered or Laminated Flooring".
laminate flooring element
Panel element consisting of a surface wear / décor layer, a substrate or core, and a backing which is fabricated in appropriate dimensions and machined on its sides (usually tongue and grooved) to facilitate assembly at installation.
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. Refer to Part A09 – Environmental Issues for LEED requirements.
linear expansion
Stated as a percent, it is a measure of increase along the length and width of a panel when exposed to conditions from low to high humidity.
low-basis weight paper
Laminating papers often referred to as '"micro-papers" or "rice papers," that range in weights from 23 to 30 grams and sometimes are pre-impregnated with resin.
low-density fibreboard (LDF)
A fibreboard having a density less than 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3). LDF is not generally used for floor covering products. It is more commonly used in furniture and wall paneling.
low pressure laminates
Laminates manufactured at low pressure at 3.65 kPa (530 psi). Refer also to high pressure laminates.
low pressure lamination (LPL)
A lamination process whereby the wear and décor layers are pressed directlyonto the core (particleboard or fibreboard) using low pressure 2965 kPa (430 psi) and a lower temperature (generally around 198°C (390°F). This system is different from high-pressure lamination where materials are pressed separately.
M
manufacturing defects
Includes all defects or blemishes that are produced in manufacturing, such as blemishes on surface finish, variations in panel widths, insufficient tongue-and-groove. Refer also to "defects".
melamine resin
A thermosetting resin used in the impregnation process of materials used to make laminate flooring, and to add durability, strength and stability to the laminated planks.
medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
A type of core material primarily composed of lignocellulosic fibres combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable bonding system and bonded together under heat and pressure.
modulus of elasticity (MOE)
Stated in pounds per square inch, it is a measure of a panel's resistance to to deflection when loaded as a simple beam.
modulus of rupture (MOR)
The maximum breaking strength of a panel when loaded as a simple beam, stated in pounds per square inch.
moisture content
The amount of water in the material, usually expressed as a percentage of the dry weight. In wood the dry weight is usually between 7% and 11%.
moisture meter
A tool used to measure moisture content.
moisture tests
Tests performed on concrete subfloors (and wood subfloors when applicable) to measure moisture content prior to the installation of any floor covering material that is susceptible to moisture damage.
mottling effect
An irregular appearance in an area or entire surface of a finished panel due to heavy application of finishing material, poor drying or incompatible solvents. Also known as "orange peel".
N
NALFA
North American Laminate Flooring Association. Refer to Part E02A - Reference Guide - Associations.
O
out of square
A condition where laminate panels are not at a right angle to line of installation.
overlay
A thin layer of paper, plastic, film, metal foil, or other material bonded to the top surface of laminate flooring that provides the wear resistance and protection.
P
panel board or underlayment panel sub-floor panel
A modular panel of a type approved by the manufacturer and acceptable to the flooring manufacturer, and by authorities having jurisdiction (Building Code) for use either as an underlayment under flooring materials or as a sub-floor over joists. Panel sizes of 1220 x 2440 mm (48" x 96") are standard with longer lengths and various thicknesses available. Plywood panels may also have T&G edges. Various panel products are available and their suitability for use intended should be verified with the product manufacturer. Refer to "underlaymment" for types.
panels
Finished sections of laminate flooring (e.g. planks and tiles or squares). In plank flooring it can be multiple planks usually produced in nominal 200 mm (8") widths.
particleboard
A core material primarily composed of cellulosic materials (usually wood), generally in the form of discrete pieces or particles, as distinguished from fibres. The cellulosic material is combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable bonding system by a process in which the inter-particle bond is created by the bonding system under heat and pressure.
pattern end-matched
When the ends of the flooring panels, typically with similar patterns, are matched end-to-end to produce a continuous linear effect.
pattern registration
Process of aligning design layer patterns, i.e. either side-to-side match and/or end-to-end mach.
peaking
Areas of the laminate flooring at adjoining panel seams that have raised above the intended horizontal plane of the flooring surface.
performance classification
This is a Euro-standard EN 13329 quality rating which defines the usage level of laminate flooring and is divided into two categories: "domestic" and "commercial", which are in turn each split into moderate, general, and heavy usage. The ratings are determined based on abrasion resistance, impact resistance, resistance to staining, resistance to cigarette burns, effect of a furniture leg, effect of a castor chair, and thickness swelling. The classifications are noted on laminate flooring packages using special symbols.
pistol grip
A panel (usually a plank) that does not have a consistent width dimension. The plank may be tapered on one end due to mis-manufacturing.
pith
Caused when fibres are torn out of the panel edge or surface during machining or cutting, commonly caused by dull tooling.
plank
Laminate boards designed to be installed in parallel rows. Planks are produced in various lengths and in nominal widths from 75 mm (3") to 200 mm (8") with eased or bevelled top edges and tongue and groove side and end edges.
pressing
A manufacturing process whereby material layers are consolidated using pressure.
pressure resistance rating
This is a EN performance rating based on how a laminate flooring will behave when furniture, high heals etc. are applied to it.
pull bar
A tool used during installation to tighten up tongue and groove joints.
R
relative humidity
A ratio comparing the amount of water vapour present in the air to that which the air would hold at saturation at the same temperature.
residual indentation
The difference between the initial thickness and the final thickness after performing a static load test or the resultant indentation after removal of a heavy load such as furniture when there is not a full recovery.
resins
A polymeric material used for impregnating and bonding layers of laminate flooring.
resin spot
Hard pieces of dark or black material in the face layer, composed of resin and wood dust.
riser
The vertical face or upright part of a step between two stair treads.
S
saturated papers
Decorative surface papers generally weighing between 60 and 130 grams per square meter. These papers are saturated with reactive resins and partially cured at the point of manufacture. Final curing is done at the time of hot-press lamination when the resins form a hard cross-linked thermostat material. The paper formation is similar to the sheet used for high-pressure laminates. These products are self-bonding; that is, the resin in the paper flows into the surface of the board during lamination, creating a permanent bond. Thus, no adhesives are required. Two different resin systems may be used to impregnate saturated papers for lamination.
seams
The joints between panels.
spacers
Small pieces of wood used in the initial stage of installation to maintain the expansion gap.
spring back
Tendency of a pressed panel to return to its original uncompressed state.
stain resistance
The degree that a material resists permanent discoloration from exposure to household and/or industrial chemicals.
starved glue lines
Insufficient adhesive used in glued panel joints.
sub-floor
A pre-existing supporting surface in a structure. This may be either a concrete slab or wood frame system usually consisting of panel board sheathing (e.g. plywood) on floor joists.
substrate
A term sometimes used to designate the core material of laminated flooring. (Also refers to underlying surface to which flooring is installed upon.)
surface layer
The outermost layer of laminate flooring designed to be the visible side when installed (e.g. wear layer). This layer consists of sheets impregnated with thermosetting resins pressed by three different methods, namely HPL, CPL, and DPL. Refer to "laminate flooring".
swell
Increase of thickness in a panel that can occur from excessive moisture absorption or wetting.
T
taber test
Abrasion test which measures the durability of flooring surfaces by counting the number of rotations (or cycles) it takes a sandpaper-covered wheel to wear through the finish. Test revolutions, type and changing of the abrasive paper are clearly regulated and defined. The number of revolutions until a certain point, the initial point (IP), results in the abrasion figure, which is assigned to a clearly defined abrasion classification rating.
tapping block
Block of wood used directly against the edge of laminate boards during installation when tightening panel joints with a hammer.
tensile strength
Stated in pounds per square inch, the greatest longitudinal stress a material can resist without tearing apart.
thermofusing
A process where resins are consolidated under heat and pressure to create a permanent bonding.
thermoplastic resins
Adhesives that cure at room temperature and soften upon exposure to heat.
thermosetting resins
Resins that cure by chemical reaction to form bonds and that do not melt when exposed to heat.
thick and thin
A variation of thickness within a panel or between two panels.
thickness swell
This refer to the amount that a laminate core changes due to an increase in relative humidity (and moisture). Ratings measure the ability of laminate flooring to resist increase in thickness after being exposed to water.
threshold
A finishing piece applied to floor transition areas where the laminate transitions to another flooring level or another flooring type.
tile
A panel of geometric shapes (e.g. squares, rectangles, etc.).
tongue and groove
The edge effect used on laminate boards to enable mechanical fastening of one board to another adjacent board.
U
unbalanced
Condition seen when individual components or layers of a laminate do not construction respond equally to changes in moisture, thus causing warp.
underlayment
A resilient material (such as foam padding) installed between laminate flooring and a substrate to act as a moisture barrier and/or for acoustical or thermal purposes, or an underlayment panel and/or for patching / levelling compound installed over a substrate to provide a smooth level surface. Refer to Part E03C - Material Guide - Laminate Flooring for types.
W
wafer board
A particle panel product made of wafer-type flakes. Usually manufactured to possess equal properties in all directions parallel to the plane of the panel.
warp
Crowning, cupping, or crook, caused when a board bands, twists, or turns from a straight line due to unbalanced construction, excessive moisture pickup, wetting, poor bolstering or other unfavourable conditions.
wear layer
The top / wear surface of laminated flooring designed to protect the décor (i.e. the pattern and design) layer.
wear resistance
Ability of a laminate flooring wear layer surface to resist wear through to the decor layer.
above grade
Refer to "grade".
abrasion resistance / classification
This is an abrasion rating of laminated flooring as determined by the Taber test method. This is a Euro-standard EN 13329 classification rating for laminate flooring manufactured in Europe, and is one of many factors that determine the quality of a laminate flooring.
additive
Special materials incorporated in laminate flooring cores during manufacture to impart special properties. These include preservatives, water repellents, and fire retardant, but not adhesives.
acclimation
Adaptation of laminate flooring materials to their installed temperature and humidity environment (i.e., not work site environment which may be different). Such materials should be unpacked and allowed enough time (generally 48 hours) to equalize to these requirements.
acoustical properties
Absorbance, reflection or transmission of sound waves.
acoustical underlayment
Sound-deadening resilient barrier.
adhesion
A chemical process by which two materials can be joined together.
antistatic
Ability to limit the accumulation of static electricity on a surface.
B
backer
(similar to engineered flooring). A non-decorative material bonded to the back of a laminate panel "substrate" or core that is designed to balance and protect the assembly from environmental changes (i.e. changes in humidity, moisture, etc.). May also be referred to as "counter-acting layer" or "balancing foil".
balanced construction
A panel construction that has materials of similar properties bonded to both sides of the panel to eliminate or reduce warp when the material is subjected to uniformly distributed changes in moisture.
below grade
Refer to "grade".
bleaching resistance
This describes how a laminate floor will react when exposed to light. "No. 6 on the blue scale" (a EN measurement) means that a floor will keep its colouration even when exposed to extensive sunlight.
bond
Adhesion.
bow / bowing
The deviation from absolute flatness along the length of a laminate the panel (plank or strip). Specific types of bowing are horns up (the ends of the strip or plank are pointing upward, sometimes called end lift) and horns down (the ends of the strip or plank are pointing downward.)
build-up of laminate flooring
This is the composition of laminate flooring that has a three-layered build-up consisting of: 1 - decor paper +overlay, 2 - core or substrate, and 3 - backer or balancing foil. The decor paper, overlay, and backer are impregnated with special thermosetting resins and is then pressed onto the core or substrate using high pressure.
C
caliper
An instrument for measuring diameters or thickness. Also used to describe board thickness.
castor chair effect
This is a wear rating test using weighted / loaded soft chair rollers dragged over the laminate flooring surface and measuring any damage after a set time of several thousand movements.
chemical resistance
The degree to which a material resists visual or physical degradation or staining from exposure to various household and/or industrial chemicals.
chip load
The amount of material removed by each tooth as the saw blade moves through the material being cut.
chipout
Defect created when fines or flakes are removed or torn out of the surface along the top or bottom face edges.
colourfastness
The ability of a material to retain its original colour upon exposure to light or other source of degradation (i.e., light resistance).
compact laminate
A high pressure laminate with a thickness equal to or greater than 2 mm (0.08 in).
continuous pressure lamination (CPL)
A manufacturing process where the laminate layer (a melamine-impregnated, alpha cellulose overlay plus a decorative image layer superimposed over one or more phenolic or melamine resin-impregnated papers) is formed on a continuous double-belted press at pressures of 125 to 750 psi and at temperatures between 2750 and 3000 F. The thickness of this layer (normally around 0.32") is determined by the number of layers of Kraft paper and the resulting amount of resin absorbed. When the sheet is pressed, a steel caul plate or a paper release sheet is used to create a surface finish ranging from high gloss smooth to fully textured. These continuous laminates can be rolled, but only into large diameter rolls. Then in a separate process this laminate layer is bonded along with the backer (if not already applied to the core) with glue under heat and pressure to the core board.
core
The centre of a laminate panel (i.e. surface layer, core, backer), generally made from high-density fibreboard (HDF) or particle board. The inner core adds impact resistance and forms the interlocking tongue and groove system. Melamine plastic resins may also be impregnated in the core to improve its moisture resistance.
core separation
Delamination of the core of a laminate panel, normally at the centreline, caused by steam pops or poor internal bond. Refer also to "delamination".
crook
A specific type of warping where a panel has a curvature from end to end, edgewise, from a straight line (i.e., banana).
crowned panels
Condition where the centre of a laminate panel is higher than its two long edges.
crowning
A specific type of warping where a panel assumes a convex (i.e. inverted "U") shape across the width dimension caused by moisture change on one side of the floor.
cupping
A specific type of warping where a panel assumes a concave shape across the width dimension caused by moisture change on one side of the floor. When viewed across a floor it looks like "choppy" water.
D
décor layer
The layer of laminate flooring providing visual aesthetic properties. This photographic image may be wood grain, stone, tile, or some other reproduction and is printed via rotary printing on the décor paper.
deflection
The bending of a material between supports when a load is applied.
delamination or delaminating
The separation of component part layers of laminated flooring, i.e. separation of plies (i.e. surface, core, and backing layers) due to adhesive or bond failure (i.e. either within the adhesive itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the layer).
density
Unit weight per volume of a panel expressed in lb/ft3 or kg/m3.
density profile
Gradient density of a panel from face to face.
depression
A dent in the surface of a panel.
dew point
The temperature at which atmospheric water vapour condenses out as a liquid.
dimensional stability
The ability of a material to resist changes in measured dimensions caused by environmental factors (i.e., temperature and humidity) and keep its original shape and size over the lifetime of the floor.
direct pressure lamination (DPL)
A laminating process where the wear and décor layers and the backing layer are bonded directly to the core or substrate material in a single step. Also referred to as a direct press laminate flooring.
durability
The ability of a laminate panel or finish to withstand conditions or destructive agents that it comes in contact during actual usage without any appreciable change in appearance or other important properties.
E
edge detail
The cutting treatment (square edge, eased or micro edge, or bevel edge) on the sides and/or ends of each piece of laminate flooring.
embossing
A process by which the surface of a laminate panel is given a relief effect or texture. This can be accomplished with a pressure plate or a patterned caul in a hot press.
emmission classification
A term relating to formaldehyde emission measured in mg/m3 or ppm. An EN E1 rating is one where the emission is below 0.1 ppm ( 0.12 mg/m3). Most, if not all, laminate flooring should be below this rating level limit.
EN
European Norm. Refer to Part E02B - Reference Standards.
end joint
The place where two pieces of flooring are joined together end to end. Also known as a butt joint.
end matched
In strip and plank flooring the ends of individual pieces have a tongue milled on one end and a groove milled on the opposite end so that when the individual strips of planks are butted together the tongue of one piece engages the groove of the next piece.
EPLF
European Producers of Laminate Flooring. Refer to Part E02B - Reference Standards .
equilibrium moisture content
The moisture content at which the material neither gains nor loses moisture at a given relative humidity and temperature.
expansion space or edge gap
An allowance or gap between fixed vertical objects (i.e. walls, piping, cabinets, etc.) and laminate flooring to allow for movement of the material due to expansion and contraction with the changing humidity. The amount of space must be in accordance with laminate manufacturer's recommendations.
F
face blisters
A dark, identified area on the face layer that flakes off or delaminates. It represents a weak area in the face that may or may not be ruptured or broken, but will usually separate upon cutting.
fibreboard
A wood by-product produced from wood chips that are reduced to cellulose fibre, mixed with moisture-retarding resins, and formed under heat and pressure to create material with various levels of density and stability which is usually designated as low (LDF), medium (MDF), or high density (HDF) fibreboard (see below). The term may also refer to the "core" material in laminate floors although some laminate flooring manufacturers use particle board which is a lower density material.
- medium density fibreboard (MDF): A fibreboard with a density between 640 to 800 kg/m3 (40 to 50 lbs/ft3).
- high density fibreboard (HDF): A fibreboard with a density over 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3).
flakeboard
A panel product composed of particle board flakes.
flame spread rating
Measurement of the flame propagation along the surface of a material, expressed in numbers or letters and used in describing the rating for building codes.
floating floor
An installation method wherein laminated flooring panels are connected together by mechanical or glue attachment but not secured to the substrate or sub-floor. Floating laminate floors can generally be installed over many types of existing floors including vinyl, concrete, wood, ceramic, and even some indoor/outdoor carpeting in accordance with flooring manufacturer's limitations and requirements.
flowback
The degree a material will compress before being penetrated by a cutting tool.
foils
Cellulose paper weighing between 40 and 140 grams per square meter that may be impregnated with melamine thermoplastic resins or left untreated.
furnish
The blended wood fibres and binders used in the panel-forming process, such as whole chips, sawmill residuals, and plywood trimmings.
G
gap
Open space between laminate planks due to improper installation or drying of material. See also "expansion space or gap" and "open joint".
glue-down
An installation method whereby laminate flooring is adhered to the substrate. Typically however, most laminate is installed using the floating method of installation.
glue-less
Flooring installation using a mechanical connection between panels only (i.e., without the use of an adhesive) and a free floating installation over substrates.
grade (level)
The relationship of a sub-floor to exterior ground or grade levels.
- above grade: a substrate with more than 450 mm (18") of well ventilated space between the lower side of the floor structure and exterior grade level. Where an interior slab-on-grade is more than 200 mm (8") above the exterior grade level it may be considered as above grade.
- on grade: a substrate in direct contact with ground or structural fill, as in a slab-on-grade. This substrate may be located above or below the exterior grade level as in suspended subfloor in contact at some point with fill or ground.
- below grade: a substrate located below exterior grade (as in a basement slab-on-grade) or a substrate with less than 450 mm (18") of well ventilated space between the lower side of the floor structure (e.g. wood joists and subfloor) and interior grade (as in a crawl space).
H
hardness
Stated in pounds and related to panel density, it is a measure of resistance to indentation of the panel surface.
high-density fibreboard (HDF)
A fibreboard having a density greater than 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3).
high pressure laminate
Laminates manufactured using pressures between 4.83 to 9.65 kPa (700 to 1,400 psi). Refer also to low-pressure laminates.
high pressure lamination (HPL)
A laminating process where the wear and décor layers are permanently bonded under high heat and pressure to a core material.
homogenous panel
A reconstituted panel product manufactured with the same kind, size and quality of fibre throughout its thickness.
hook or rake angle
The angle on a cutting tool affecting ease with which the tooth penetrates the material being machined.
humidity
The amount of water vapour in the air. Refer to "Relative Humidity".
hydrostatic pressure
Occurs when there is excessive water present or where there is a high water table. Without adequate waterproofing measures water under pressure may be "forced" through on-grade or below-grade concrete slabs resulting in excessive substrate moisture and flooring failure.
hygrometer
An instrument for measuring the degree of humidity or relative humidity of the atmosphere.
hygroscopic
The ability to absorb and retain moisture, or lose or throw off moisture. Wood and wood products are hygroscopic as they expand with absorption of moisture, and shrink when moisture is lost.
I
impact indentation
Tests the degree to which the floor covering recovers from indentation created by dropped objects or foot traffic.
Impact insulation class (IIC/ FIIC)
An acoustical rating or classification determined by a standard testing method in the laboratory (IIC) or in the field (FIIC) to rate noise transmission due to impact of falling objects, foot traffic, and the like. Refer to A08C - Acoustical Issues.
impact noise
This is noise that results from dropped objects, foot traffic, and the like. This is becoming increasingly important in residential construction where minimum noise levels are being regulated by municipal zoning ordinances.
impact noise rating
An older acoustical rating or classification system for impact noise. Refer to A08C - Acoustical Issues.
impact resistance
Ability to resist fracture or damage from a falling object. Tests involve dropping a 500-gram weight in a cylinder from different heights onto a steel ball lying on the surface of the flooring. The point of impact is then measured for impression and cracks, and rated using a scale of I (poorest) to 5 (best).
impact sound
Impact sound is the sound that is generated by stepping on to a laminate floor and is different from foot step sound, which is the sound created in space underneath a laminate flooring. The strength of the impact sound is indicated according to the EPLF Standard of impact sound and is measured in sound values. These sound values are absolute and linear, comparable with each other and can be represented on an objective scale of values.
impact test
A test for determining the resistance to shattering of a dried film by dropping a weight onto the finish.
indoor air quality (IAQ)
The quality of air (and environment) within a building that is dependent on good building design, implementation of effective building systems, operation and maintenance programs, and the appropriate selection of low VOC and odour emitting interior products such as adhesives, finishes, sealants, etc.
inlay
A decorative effect used in flooring by combining elements of the same material but with different colours or patterns (e.g., borders or feature strips).
inner core
refer to "core"
internal bond strength
An overall measure of a panels integrity that illustrates how well the component materials are bonded together. Tested by applying tension perpendicular to the panel surface and usually stated in pounds per square inch.
insulation value
The thermal resistance of a material, stated as an RSI or R-value.
J
joist
One of a series of parallel beams used to support floor loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls.
K
kere
Width of a saw cut.
L
laminate
(noun) A product made by bonding together two or more layers of material. (verb) To unite layers of materials with adhesives. laminated Refer to Part DD1A - Flooring Glossary Glossary. Note: This type of flooring flooring should be referred to as engineered flooring and should not be confused with "Laminate Flooring".
laminate flooring
(Not laminated) A rigid floor covering consisting of a surface wear layer or finish, a thin décor or image layer consisting of a photographic image and one or more thin sheets of a fibrous material (usually paper) impregnated with aminoplastic thermosetting resins (usually melamine), a processed wood core layer of plywood, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) or high-density fibreboard (HDF), and a bottom balancing / moisture resistant layer. The top wear and pattern layers are bonded together under heat and pressure using a continuous pressure laminate (CPL) or a high pressure laminate (HPL) process similar to that used in manufacturering plastic laminates and then adhered to the core, or they may be directly adhered to the core under heat and pressure using the direct pressure laminate (DPL) process. Performance values of laminate flooring are set by NALFA / ANSI or EPLF standards. Note: This type of flooring should not be confused with "Engineered or Laminated Flooring".
laminate flooring element
Panel element consisting of a surface wear / décor layer, a substrate or core, and a backing which is fabricated in appropriate dimensions and machined on its sides (usually tongue and grooved) to facilitate assembly at installation.
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. Refer to Part A09 – Environmental Issues for LEED requirements.
linear expansion
Stated as a percent, it is a measure of increase along the length and width of a panel when exposed to conditions from low to high humidity.
low-basis weight paper
Laminating papers often referred to as '"micro-papers" or "rice papers," that range in weights from 23 to 30 grams and sometimes are pre-impregnated with resin.
low-density fibreboard (LDF)
A fibreboard having a density less than 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3). LDF is not generally used for floor covering products. It is more commonly used in furniture and wall paneling.
low pressure laminates
Laminates manufactured at low pressure at 3.65 kPa (530 psi). Refer also to high pressure laminates.
low pressure lamination (LPL)
A lamination process whereby the wear and décor layers are pressed directlyonto the core (particleboard or fibreboard) using low pressure 2965 kPa (430 psi) and a lower temperature (generally around 198°C (390°F). This system is different from high-pressure lamination where materials are pressed separately.
M
manufacturing defects
Includes all defects or blemishes that are produced in manufacturing, such as blemishes on surface finish, variations in panel widths, insufficient tongue-and-groove. Refer also to "defects".
melamine resin
A thermosetting resin used in the impregnation process of materials used to make laminate flooring, and to add durability, strength and stability to the laminated planks.
medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
A type of core material primarily composed of lignocellulosic fibres combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable bonding system and bonded together under heat and pressure.
modulus of elasticity (MOE)
Stated in pounds per square inch, it is a measure of a panel's resistance to to deflection when loaded as a simple beam.
modulus of rupture (MOR)
The maximum breaking strength of a panel when loaded as a simple beam, stated in pounds per square inch.
moisture content
The amount of water in the material, usually expressed as a percentage of the dry weight. In wood the dry weight is usually between 7% and 11%.
moisture meter
A tool used to measure moisture content.
moisture tests
Tests performed on concrete subfloors (and wood subfloors when applicable) to measure moisture content prior to the installation of any floor covering material that is susceptible to moisture damage.
mottling effect
An irregular appearance in an area or entire surface of a finished panel due to heavy application of finishing material, poor drying or incompatible solvents. Also known as "orange peel".
N
NALFA
North American Laminate Flooring Association. Refer to Part E02A - Reference Guide - Associations.
O
out of square
A condition where laminate panels are not at a right angle to line of installation.
overlay
A thin layer of paper, plastic, film, metal foil, or other material bonded to the top surface of laminate flooring that provides the wear resistance and protection.
P
panel board or underlayment panel sub-floor panel
A modular panel of a type approved by the manufacturer and acceptable to the flooring manufacturer, and by authorities having jurisdiction (Building Code) for use either as an underlayment under flooring materials or as a sub-floor over joists. Panel sizes of 1220 x 2440 mm (48" x 96") are standard with longer lengths and various thicknesses available. Plywood panels may also have T&G edges. Various panel products are available and their suitability for use intended should be verified with the product manufacturer. Refer to "underlaymment" for types.
panels
Finished sections of laminate flooring (e.g. planks and tiles or squares). In plank flooring it can be multiple planks usually produced in nominal 200 mm (8") widths.
particleboard
A core material primarily composed of cellulosic materials (usually wood), generally in the form of discrete pieces or particles, as distinguished from fibres. The cellulosic material is combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable bonding system by a process in which the inter-particle bond is created by the bonding system under heat and pressure.
pattern end-matched
When the ends of the flooring panels, typically with similar patterns, are matched end-to-end to produce a continuous linear effect.
pattern registration
Process of aligning design layer patterns, i.e. either side-to-side match and/or end-to-end mach.
peaking
Areas of the laminate flooring at adjoining panel seams that have raised above the intended horizontal plane of the flooring surface.
performance classification
This is a Euro-standard EN 13329 quality rating which defines the usage level of laminate flooring and is divided into two categories: "domestic" and "commercial", which are in turn each split into moderate, general, and heavy usage. The ratings are determined based on abrasion resistance, impact resistance, resistance to staining, resistance to cigarette burns, effect of a furniture leg, effect of a castor chair, and thickness swelling. The classifications are noted on laminate flooring packages using special symbols.
pistol grip
A panel (usually a plank) that does not have a consistent width dimension. The plank may be tapered on one end due to mis-manufacturing.
pith
Caused when fibres are torn out of the panel edge or surface during machining or cutting, commonly caused by dull tooling.
plank
Laminate boards designed to be installed in parallel rows. Planks are produced in various lengths and in nominal widths from 75 mm (3") to 200 mm (8") with eased or bevelled top edges and tongue and groove side and end edges.
pressing
A manufacturing process whereby material layers are consolidated using pressure.
pressure resistance rating
This is a EN performance rating based on how a laminate flooring will behave when furniture, high heals etc. are applied to it.
pull bar
A tool used during installation to tighten up tongue and groove joints.
R
relative humidity
A ratio comparing the amount of water vapour present in the air to that which the air would hold at saturation at the same temperature.
residual indentation
The difference between the initial thickness and the final thickness after performing a static load test or the resultant indentation after removal of a heavy load such as furniture when there is not a full recovery.
resins
A polymeric material used for impregnating and bonding layers of laminate flooring.
resin spot
Hard pieces of dark or black material in the face layer, composed of resin and wood dust.
riser
The vertical face or upright part of a step between two stair treads.
S
saturated papers
Decorative surface papers generally weighing between 60 and 130 grams per square meter. These papers are saturated with reactive resins and partially cured at the point of manufacture. Final curing is done at the time of hot-press lamination when the resins form a hard cross-linked thermostat material. The paper formation is similar to the sheet used for high-pressure laminates. These products are self-bonding; that is, the resin in the paper flows into the surface of the board during lamination, creating a permanent bond. Thus, no adhesives are required. Two different resin systems may be used to impregnate saturated papers for lamination.
seams
The joints between panels.
spacers
Small pieces of wood used in the initial stage of installation to maintain the expansion gap.
spring back
Tendency of a pressed panel to return to its original uncompressed state.
stain resistance
The degree that a material resists permanent discoloration from exposure to household and/or industrial chemicals.
starved glue lines
Insufficient adhesive used in glued panel joints.
sub-floor
A pre-existing supporting surface in a structure. This may be either a concrete slab or wood frame system usually consisting of panel board sheathing (e.g. plywood) on floor joists.
substrate
A term sometimes used to designate the core material of laminated flooring. (Also refers to underlying surface to which flooring is installed upon.)
surface layer
The outermost layer of laminate flooring designed to be the visible side when installed (e.g. wear layer). This layer consists of sheets impregnated with thermosetting resins pressed by three different methods, namely HPL, CPL, and DPL. Refer to "laminate flooring".
swell
Increase of thickness in a panel that can occur from excessive moisture absorption or wetting.
T
taber test
Abrasion test which measures the durability of flooring surfaces by counting the number of rotations (or cycles) it takes a sandpaper-covered wheel to wear through the finish. Test revolutions, type and changing of the abrasive paper are clearly regulated and defined. The number of revolutions until a certain point, the initial point (IP), results in the abrasion figure, which is assigned to a clearly defined abrasion classification rating.
tapping block
Block of wood used directly against the edge of laminate boards during installation when tightening panel joints with a hammer.
tensile strength
Stated in pounds per square inch, the greatest longitudinal stress a material can resist without tearing apart.
thermofusing
A process where resins are consolidated under heat and pressure to create a permanent bonding.
thermoplastic resins
Adhesives that cure at room temperature and soften upon exposure to heat.
thermosetting resins
Resins that cure by chemical reaction to form bonds and that do not melt when exposed to heat.
thick and thin
A variation of thickness within a panel or between two panels.
thickness swell
This refer to the amount that a laminate core changes due to an increase in relative humidity (and moisture). Ratings measure the ability of laminate flooring to resist increase in thickness after being exposed to water.
threshold
A finishing piece applied to floor transition areas where the laminate transitions to another flooring level or another flooring type.
tile
A panel of geometric shapes (e.g. squares, rectangles, etc.).
tongue and groove
The edge effect used on laminate boards to enable mechanical fastening of one board to another adjacent board.
U
unbalanced
Condition seen when individual components or layers of a laminate do not construction respond equally to changes in moisture, thus causing warp.
underlayment
A resilient material (such as foam padding) installed between laminate flooring and a substrate to act as a moisture barrier and/or for acoustical or thermal purposes, or an underlayment panel and/or for patching / levelling compound installed over a substrate to provide a smooth level surface. Refer to Part E03C - Material Guide - Laminate Flooring for types.
W
wafer board
A particle panel product made of wafer-type flakes. Usually manufactured to possess equal properties in all directions parallel to the plane of the panel.
warp
Crowning, cupping, or crook, caused when a board bands, twists, or turns from a straight line due to unbalanced construction, excessive moisture pickup, wetting, poor bolstering or other unfavourable conditions.
wear layer
The top / wear surface of laminated flooring designed to protect the décor (i.e. the pattern and design) layer.
wear resistance
Ability of a laminate flooring wear layer surface to resist wear through to the decor layer.